Exploring relationships between satiation,perceived satiety and plant-based snack food features

We aimed to identify relations between satiation and subsequent satiety for six plant-based foods (apple, avocado, banana, carrot, chick pea and macadamia) using a panel of ten healthy participants and a complete crossover randomised design. Food was served as a mid-morning snack ad libitum over 20 min until participants were comfortably full, and subsequent satiety was monitored for up to 180 min. Carrot and macadamia had significantly higher perceived fullness during eating, but also significantly lower perceived satiety per gram than other foods. Food energy factors had no strong relationship with perceived fullness, but were significantly positively correlated with satiety. Mastication number had significant effects on both perceived fullness (negative) and satiety (positive). This pilot study showed that plant food factors affecting perceived fullness during eating and subsequent satiety are different, and suggests how portion control through satiation for different plant-based snacks may influence both energy intake and subsequent satiety.     

Effects of different feeding levels during a 14-week preweaning phase in dairy heifer calves on telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in blood

Telomeres cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and the telomere length (TL) is related to cellular age. The mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) reflects the abundance of mitochondria in a cell. In addition to generating energy, mitochondria are also the main producers of reactive oxygen species, which in turn can accelerate TL attrition and impair mitochondrial function. Nutrition in early life could influence mtDNAcn and TL in later life. In the present study, we investigated the effects of feeding different levels of milk replacer (MR) on TL shortening and energetic status by examining mtDNAcn of heifers during their first year of life. In this study, whole blood samples were obtained from German Holstein heifer calves 36 to 48 h after birth (wk 1) and at wk 12 and wk 16 of life (n = 37), as well as from 31 calves when reaching 1 yr of age. Calves were fed either a high level of MR (14% solids) at 10 L/d (1.4 kg of MR/d; n = 18) or a restrictive low level at 5.7 L/d (0.8 kg of MR/d; n = 19) until linear weaning in wk 13 to 14 of life. Additional whole blood samples were taken from their respective dams 36 to 48 h after calving. Relative TL (qT) and mtDNAcn in cells from whole blood were measured by multiplex quantitative PCR. The greatest qT values were observed in neonates (36–48 h after birth), with decreasing qT values thereafter. Delta qT values were calculated as ΔqT = qT (first year of life) ? initial qT (36–48 h after birth). We found no effect of the feeding regimen on qT values, but qT decreased with age. The mtDNAcn was lowest in neonates, increased until wk 12 of life, and then remained at a constant level until after weaning (wk 16). After the first year of life, mtDNAcn was decreased and returned to levels comparable to those of the neonatal stage. No differences in mtDNAcn were detectable between feeding groups within each time point. When comparing the values of qT and mtDNAcn between the calves and their dams after calving (36–48 h after birth and after calving), greater values were observed in calves than in dams. Delta qT values were negative in all but 2 calves (on the restricted diet), indicating that the change in TL with age was not uniform among individual animals, whereas no difference in mean ΔqT values occurred between the feeding groups. Additional analyses of the correlation between qT, mtDNAcn, and various indicators of oxidative status from birth until wk 16 of life did not indicate major interactions between oxidative status, qT and mtDNAcn. The results of this study support an age-dependent decrease of TL in calves independent of the MR feeding level and show the dynamic changes of mtDNAcn in early life.     

Effects of acoustic excitation on pinch-off flame structure and NOx emissions in H2/CH4 flame

The flame structure and exhaust emissions of pinch-off flames, in which flames are separated under acoustic excitation conditions, were studied. Flame structure analysis was performed using OH1 chemiluminescence measurements, and exhaust emissions analysis was performed with a gas analyzer. Structure analysis of the pinch-off flame for acoustic excitation was performed basis the OH1 images, and various structures were confirmed according to the forcing frequency and velocity perturbation intensity. To analyze the correlation between the flame structure and NO_x emission, the flame residence time and emission index of NO_x (EINO_x) were analyzed according to the Strouhal number. The flame residence time and EINO_x decreased as the velocity perturbation intensity increased; analyzing the NO_x emission characteristics is limited when based only on the flame residence time. 1/2-power scaling was followed by EINO_x analysis and the Strouhal number was normalized to the flame residence time.     

Innovative conceptional approach to quantify the potential benefits of gasoline-methanol blends and their conceptualization on fuzzy modeling

Restricted fossil-based petroleum fuel resources and a raising fuel utilization direction have produced significant economic and ecological issues. The current article exhibits a robust model of using the innovative conceptional approach to quantify the potential benefits from gasoline-methanol blends utilizing a Fuzzy model based on real experimental data. Methanol has several merits to be an appealing gasoline fuel surrogate. The compositions of gasoline utilized in the current study were gasoline Fisher-Tropsh samples (GFT), including GFT-100, GFT-95, GFT-90, GFT-85, GFT-80, GFT-75, GFT-70, GFT-65, and GFT-60 with a methanol mass fraction of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% by weight. Additionally, antiknock combustion characteristics of gasoline-methanol blends, involving research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) at different percentages were investigated. The results showed that the established Fuzzy logic model is well matching the real experimental results to a great grade, presenting the trustworthiness of the Fuzzy logic model. Finally, the results reported that a low percentage of methanol blends is preferable to maximize the efficiency and exhaust emissions of motor gasoline engines without altering the material structure.     

Shock/expansion fan interaction with real gas effects for Earth and Mars atmospheric conditions

Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the real gas effects on shock/expansion fan interaction. Initial perfect gas simulations at low enthalpy capture the flow structures efficiently and outcomes are found to have excellent agreement with the analytical calculations. Furthermore, the simulations with the real gas solver for different enthalpies showed that the variation in enthalpy significantly changes the flow structures. It is observed that an increase in enthalpy leads to a decrease and increase in the postshock and postexpansion fan Mach numbers, respectively. Another important observation is the decrement in the peak pressure ratio with an increment in the enthalpy. These effects are noted to be more pronounced for Mars's environment due to the higher dependency of specific heat on temperature.     

Thermal Evaluation of Diesel/Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Blend

Thermal properties of fossil fuel are the key fundamental characteristics, which can distinguish any compound as a potential fuel. The performance of diesel fuel blend along with stability and solubility parameter designs are evaluated. The results from the experimental study indicate that the increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) amount enhances the cetane number of diesel fuel blend significantly. However, the calorific value decreases as compared to pure diesel fuel. All values performed well according to the ASTM D‐975 diesel testing method. The thermodynamics of the prepared fuel blends also revealed that substantial solubility and diesel/H₂O₂ blend stability are provided even at lower temperatures. Such blends can be used as a feasible replacement of pure diesel fuel.     

Computing the regularization of a linear differential–algebraic system

We study the regularization problem for linear differential–algebraic systems. As an improvement of former results we show that any system can be regularized by a combination of state-space and input-space transformations, behavioral equivalence transformations and a reorganization of variables. The additional state feedback which is needed in earlier publications is shown to be superfluous. We provide an algorithmic procedure for the construction of the regularization and discuss computational aspects.     

CO2-空气微通道蒸发器两相区熵产分析

微通道已成为换热器研究领域的热点,以CO₂微通道蒸发器为研究对象,建立了CO₂微通道蒸发器两相区内、外侧均有相变的熵产模型,通过建立的CO₂微通道蒸发器二维分布参数模型求解系统熵产数.分析CO₂与空气侧质量流率、空气入口温度及CO₂蒸发温度对系统熵产数的影响.结果表明:CO₂质量流率对系统熵产数影响很小;系统熵产数主要由CO₂与空气两侧温差传热引起;系统熵产数随空气入口温度的增大而增大,随CO₂的蒸发温度的增大而减小;随着空气质量流率的增大,系统熵产数增大,且蒸发温度越高,空气质量流率对系统熵产数的影响越大.     

实时数据库系统在聚丙烯装置生产管理中的开发与应用

中国石油化工股份有限公司荆门分公司建立了一套实时数据库系统,通过网络将生产装置DCS系统内的运行数据实时采集,长期存储,为装置的生产管理提供了一个信息平台。在此基础上,笔者根据聚丙烯装置生产管理的实际需要开发了一系列新功能。这些功能的应用提高了工作效率,优化了装置的生产操作,提升了工艺管理水平,收到良好的效果。     

An analytical solution to the extended Navier–Stokes equations using the Lambert W function

Microchannel gas flows are of importance in a wide range of microelectro mechanical devices. In these flows, the mean free path of the gas can be comparable to the characteristic length of the microchannel, leading to strong diffusion‐enhanced transport of momentum. Numerical solutions to the extended Navier–Stokes equations (ENSE) have successfully modeled such microchannel flows. Analytical solutions to the ENSE for the pressure and velocity fields using the Lambert W function are derived. We find that diffusive contributions to the total transport are only dominant for low average pressures and low pressure drops across the microchannel. For large inlet pressures, we show that the expressions involving the Lambert W function predict steep gradients in the pressure and velocity localized near the channel exit. We extract a characteristic length for this boundary layer. Our analytical results are validated by numerical and experimental results available in the literature. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1413–1423, 2014